Verbal Reasoning by Dr. R S Aggarwal – Logical reasoning – Quantifier Subject Copula Predicate.

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Here’s a focused explanation and guide based on Verbal Reasoning by Dr. R.S. Aggarwal, particularly from the chapter on Logical Reasoning—specifically the structure of standard categorical statements using:

Contents

1 Quantifier – Subject – Copula – Predicate (Q – S – C – P)

Quantifier – Subject – Copula – Predicate (Q – S – C – P)

This format helps break down logical statements into components, which is essential for solving syllogism-type questions.

1. Basic Structure of Logical Statements:

A standard statement in logical reasoning follows:

Quantifier + Subject + Copula + Predicate

Component	Function	Examples
Quantifier	Tells how much or how many	All, Some, No
Subject	The main person or thing	men, dogs, students
Copula	A linking verb	is/are/was/were
Predicate	Tells something about subject	doctors, intelligent, athletes

Example 1:

Statement: All men are mortal.

Quantifier: All
Subject: men
Copula: are
Predicate: mortal

Structure: All + men + are + mortal

Example 2:

Statement: No student is lazy.

Quantifier: No
Subject: student
Copula: is
Predicate: lazy

Structure: No + student + is + lazy

Example 3:

Statement: Some cats are black.

Quantifier: Some
Subject: cats
Copula: are
Predicate: black

Structure: Some + cats + are + black

2. Standard Forms of Categorical Propositions:

Type	Symbol	Form	Example
A	Universal Affirmative	All S are P	All boys are smart.
E	Universal Negative	No S are P	No girls are rude.
I	Particular Affirmative	Some S are P	Some teachers are kind.
O	Particular Negative	Some S are not P	Some students are not lazy.

3. Why Learn Q-S-C-P?

Helps in identifying valid syllogisms
Crucial for Venn diagram-based reasoning
Makes it easy to convert or infer statements

Conversions Based on Structure:

Original Statement	Converse Form
All A are B	Some B are A (not always valid)
No A is B	No B is A (valid)
Some A are B	Some B are A (valid)
Some A are not B	Conversion not valid

Practice Questions:

Q1. Break down the statement: Some engineers are not creative.

Quantifier: Some
Subject: engineers
Copula: are not
Predicate: creative

Type: O – Particular Negative

Q2. What type is the following: No dogs are reptiles.

Quantifier: No
Subject: dogs
Copula: are
Predicate: reptiles

Type: E – Universal Negative

R.S. Aggarwal Book Reference:

You’ll find this in:

Part II: Logical Deduction
Chapter: Logic (Statements and Conclusions / Syllogism)
Exercises include:
- Direct Q-S-C-P identification
- Syllogism MCQs
- Venn diagram conclusions

Want to practice more?

I can give you:

PDF worksheet with 20 questions
Interactive quiz
Video explanation script or animation idea

Let me know how you’d like to continue your learning!

Verbal Reasoning by Dr. R S Aggarwal – Logical reasoning – Quantifier Subject Copula Predicate.

Quantifier – Subject – Copula – Predicate (Q – S – C – P)