Physics Class 12 Notes Light Wave ,Optics Nuclei ,Semiconductor ,Electromagnetic
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Physics Class 12 Notes – Important Topics
1. Wave Optics (Light Waves)
- Huygens' Principle – Explains the wave nature of light.
- Interference – Constructive & destructive interference (Young's Double-Slit Experiment).
- Diffraction – Bending of light around obstacles (Single-Slit Experiment).
- Polarization – Light waves oscillating in a single plane.
2. Ray Optics
- Reflection & Refraction – Laws of reflection and refraction (Snell's Law).
- Mirror & Lens Formula – 1f=1v−1u\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} - \frac{1}{u}f1=v1−u1.
- Total Internal Reflection – Optical fibers work on this principle.
- Power of Lens – P=100fP = \frac{100}{f}P=f100 (Diopters).
3. Nuclei
- Nuclear Binding Energy – Stability of nuclei.
- Radioactivity – Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay.
- Half-Life & Decay Law – N=N0e−λtN = N_0 e^{-\lambda t}N=N0e−λt.
- Nuclear Fission & Fusion – Energy production in stars and nuclear reactors.
4. Semiconductor Electronics
- Types of Semiconductors – Intrinsic & Extrinsic (n-type & p-type).
- Diodes & Transistors – PN Junction Diode, LED, Zener Diode, Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT).
- Logic Gates – AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR.
5. Electromagnetic Waves
- Maxwell's Equations – Predict the existence of electromagnetic waves.
- Spectrum of EM Waves – Radio, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible, UV, X-rays, Gamma Rays.
- Uses of EM Waves – Communication, medical imaging, and industry applications.
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